Hamas is a Jihadi (fighting for a holy purpose) movement in the broad sense of the word Jihad. It is part of the Islamic awakening movement and upholds that this awakening is the road which will lead to the liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea (2) .
The Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas Website
For our struggle against the Jews is extremely wide-ranging and grave, so much so that it will need all the loyal efforts we can wield, to be followed by further steps and reinforced by successive battalions from the multifarious Arab and Islamic world, until the enemies are defeated and Allah's victory prevails (3) .
Introduction to "The Charter of Allah: The Platform of Hamas".
Holy war is our way. Death for God is our highest wish (4) .
Poster displayed in a Hamas kindergarten
We believe there is no substitute for the path of jihad for liberation (5) .
Communiqué No. 34 issued by the Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas
Hamas is the Arabic acronym for Harakat Al-Muqawama Al- Islamiya fi Filistin, or the Islamic Resistance Movement in Palestine. Hamas is a Palestinian Islamic terrorist organization that calls for the eradication of Israel through acts of violence that are legitimized through a radical interpretation of Islamic theology. Its ultimate goal is to replace Israel with a militant Palestinian Islamic state.
The Emblem of Hamas
The emblem of Hamas depicts the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem with Palestinian flags arrayed in semicircles on either side. The flag on the right side bears the first half of the Muslim confession of faith in Arabic: "La ilaha ila Allah" - "There is no other deity but God" and the flag on the left is inscribed with the second half: "Muhammad rasul Allah" - "Muhammad is the Messenger of God."
At the pinnacle of the Al-Aqsa Mosque is Hamas' vision of "Palestine" - a map that encompasses all of the territory that is now Israel as well as the Palestinian Authority - controlled areas of the West Bank and Gaza. Superimposed over the Al-Aqsa Mosque are two crossed swords that represent the jihad, or holy war, that is central to the tenets of Hamas ideology. Below the Al-Aqsa Mosque is the inscription Filistin - Palestine, and below that is a white banner with the full Arabic name of the movement, Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamiya - The Islamic Resistance Movement, and its Arabic acronym, Hamas, which is also the Arabic word for "zeal."
Origins
Origins
Hamas was founded in 1988 by Sheikh Ahmad Yassin (6) who was then a preacher of the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood movement in Gaza. In concurrence with his teachings, he and his followers formed the Hamas movement as the "military wing" of the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood. The movement's August 1988 covenant interprets the Islamic theological concept of jihad as "holy war" and calls for the destruction of Israel through militant action with its ultimate goal being the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic radical state (7) . In 1988, Sheikh Bassam Jarrar, a prominent leader of Hamas, articulated the vision of his movement: the conquest of all of the territory of what is now Israel as well as the West Bank and Gaza from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea. Thereafter, Hamas would conquer the entire world (8) .
Throughout its history, Hamas has carried out acts of violence against Israeli civilians and soldiers, including suicide bombings, car bombings, kidnappings, drive-by shootings, and stabbing attacks. The movement initiated its use of suicide bombings in Israeli population centers in 1994. Hamas communiqués claiming responsibility for suicide bombings and other attacks are catalogued on the official Internet site of the movement, the Palestine Information Center, in both Arabic and English in a document entitled Sijil Al-Majid - "The Record of Glory (9) ."
One year after the official emergence of Hamas, the movement was designated as an illegal terrorist organization by the government of Israel in September 1989 (10) . The U.S. State Department officially designated Hamas as a Foreign Terrorist Organization in 1996 (11) .
Ideology
Allah is our objective. The Messenger (12) is our leader. Qur'an is our law. Jihad is our way. Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope (13) .
The Official Slogan of the Muslim Brotherhood
The Hamas movement began as an ideological offshoot and the military wing of the Muslim Brotherhood, a radical Islamic movement that was founded in Egypt in 1928. It continues to view itself as part of the Muslim Brotherhood movement as indicated in Article Two of the Hamas Covenant: "The Islamic Resistance Movement [Hamas] is one of the wings of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine. The Muslim Brotherhood Movement is a universal organization which constitutes the largest Islamic movement in modern times."
While the Muslim Brotherhood movement also interprets the Islamic theological concept of jihad as "holy war," it envisions the time for such a war to be at the end of days. At that time, a pan-Islamic state will be established that will be based on its ideologues' radical interpretation of shari'a, or Islamic law.
Hamas is more militant than the Brotherhood and departs from its ideology in its interpretation that the time for the jihad is in the present. It is also more decidedly Palestinian nationalist in character, and views itself as a competitor for Palestinian hearts and minds within Yasir Arafat's Palestinian Authority.
In consonance with the teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood ideologue Sayyid Qutb in his radical commentary on the Qur'an, Fi Thilal Al-Qur'an, "In the Shade of the Qur'an" and in his political tract, Marakatuna ma'a Al-Yahud, "Our Struggle with the Jews," Hamas views the Muslim world as being in a state of severe crisis caused by the Westernization of the Middle East. Western influence, represented by Israel, is therefore the most formidable enemy facing the Muslim world today. Hamas also shares the view that a state of war has existed since the founding of Islam in the seventh century between Muslims on the one side and Christians and Jews on the other. Qutb, referring to the Christians and Jews as the "enemies" of the Muslim world, writes:
"The war against Islam started 1400 years ago, when Muslims established their state in Madinah, and became distinguished by their character and firmly established the roots of their independence in faith, concept and political system. The enemies will never stop waging this war unless they achieve their goal of turning Muslims away from their faith, so that they become non-Muslims (14) ."
In a departure from the view of mainstream Islam that accepts Jews as fellow believers in monotheism, Hamas espouses a theological anti-Semitism that regards Israel and Jews as an embodiment of evil in the world that will, in time, be destroyed as part of the Divine plan. Hamas, like its precursor, the Muslim Brotherhood, views Jews and Christians as "infidels" or "disbelievers," or enemies of the Divine revelation received by Muhammad (15) . In time, however, the "disbelievers" will be vanquished in a cataclysmic war, or jihad, which will result in the victory of the Muslim forces. As an example of this attitude, Hamas leader Sheikh Bassam Jarrar has denounced all religions other than Islam as false (16) .
Hamas continues to rely upon the writings and teachings of Muslim Brotherhood ideologues. Since 1994, Hamas has built a cult of legitimacy surrounding its suicide bombings, despite the fact that mainstream Islam forbids suicide. It cites the fatwa, or Islamic theological ruling, of Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, a well-known ideologue of the Muslim Brotherhood movement, who legitimizes suicide bombings via his own radical interpretation of Islamic theology.
Al-Qaradawi's radical theological rulings are prominently featured on the official Internet site of Hamas, the Palestinian Information Center (PIC) (17) . Al-Qaradawi's fatwa on suicide bombings is entitled, "Hamas Operations Are Jihad and Those Who [Carry it Out and] Are Killed are Considered Martyrs (18) ." Using Al-Qaradawi's ruling to legitimize the violent activities of Hamas, the fatwa is listed on the web site under the title "The Islamic Theological Origins of the Palestinian Resistance (19) ."
In December 2001 Al-Qaradawi elaborated on his stance regarding suicide bombings by articulating the position that there are no innocent Israeli civilians: "In Israel, all men and women are soldiers. They are all occupying troops (20) ." Hamas leader Isma'il Abu Shanab echoed Al-Qaradawi's assessment: "In our view, there is not a single person in Israel whom we don't view as a usurper of our land," (21) and, therefore, a target for acts of violence carried out by Hamas.
Following the lead of Al-Qaradawi, (22) the Hamas movement does not refer to the operatives who carry out suicide bombings as a "suicides;" instead, it refers to them as shuhada, or "martyrs," and to the suicide bombings as 'amaliyat istishadiya - or "acts of martyrdom." Hamas lauds its operatives who carry out such attacks and provides them with full Muslim burial rites. The movement also provides for the material needs of the suicide bomber's family.
Methodology
The children of the kindergarten are the shaheeds (martyrs) of tomorrow (23) .
Poster in Hamas Run Kindergarten
"We are ready to offer 1,000, 2,000, or even 10,000 martyrs every year. We are ready to keep offering martyrs for 20 years because we are sure we are moving in the right direction and that we will prevail in the end (24) ."
Hamas Political Bureau Chief Khalid Al-Mish'al
Hamas recruits activists to its ranks through the medium of da'awa, nonviolent ideological indoctrination that takes place in mosques, schools, and other social institutions. Mirroring the methodology of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas continues to indoctrinate its followers via religious and social institutions that include clinics, orphanages, colleges, summer camps, and sports clubs. Attendees of programs at these institutions receive social welfare services that are accompanied by presentations designed to indoctrinate them ideologically into the belief system of Hamas. The social institutions of Hamas thus provide a constant source of indoctrination across all levels of Palestinian society. As a result of this activity, the recruitment of suicide bombers has taken place at colleges, sports clubs, mosques, and other institutions sponsored by the organization (25) . The senior Hamas leader in the West Bank town of Ramallah, Hassan Yusuf, commented on the phenomenon by stating, "We like to grow them. From kindergarten through college (26) ."
Suicide bombers are recruited for the Iz Al-Din Al-Qassam Battalions of Hamas based on their religious fervor and clean criminal record. At any one time, it is estimated that Hamas has prepared between five and twenty young men who generally range in age from their late teens to mid-thirties who have completed their training to carry out suicide attacks (27) . Most of them are graduates of colleges or universities (28) .
The materiel required for a suicide bomber to carry out an attack is relatively simple. It includes: the cost of tailoring a custom fit belt wide enough to hold six or eight pockets full of explosives and the explosive device itself, which consists of nails, gunpowder, mercury, acetone, a battery, an electrical switch, and a short cable. The largest expense item is providing transportation to an Israeli venue of the bombing. The total cost of a single suicide bombing is approximately $142 (29) . Following the attack, Hamas provides for the material needs of the bomber's family by giving each family between $2800 and $5000 (30) .
The suicide bombers are promised that the first drop of blood shed by a "martyr" when he carries out his act of jihad instantaneously cleanses him of sin. On the Day of Judgment, he will face no reckoning, and, on the Day of Resurrection, he will be able to intercede for 70 of his relatives to enter Heaven, and he will have at his disposal 72 huris, the beautiful black-eyed virgins of Paradise (31) . He is also told that his family will be provided for (32) .
Hamas leader Isma'il Abu-Shanab explains the ideological motivation for the organization's suicide bombing attacks in the following manner: "Patriotism motivates and religion teaches you not to be afraid; it tells you your soul will achieve happiness." When he was asked whether the bombers are promised a place in Paradise, he responded: "That is part of the Islamic belief, that those who sacrifice themselves in God's name will be rewarded. If you dream of a beautiful woman, you will have one (33) ."
Funding
Hamas receives funding for its social institutions from various Middle Eastern governments and from private donors. In 1993, Iran promised a budget of some $30 million to Hamas (34) . A 1994 report indicated that Iran provided $3 million a year to both Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and one thousand families of Palestinian suicide bombers or detainees from both organizations received regular monthly payments from that country to support them (35) . In 1995, CIA Director James Woolsey stated that Iran had provided over $100 million to Hamas, but did not provide details regarding the period of time over which the finds had been provided (36) . Logistical support for Hamas activities has been provided by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) (37) and by the Hizballah (38) movement in Lebanon.
In 1998 the Saudi government welcomed Sheikh Ahmad Yassin as an official guest and presented him with a gift of $25 million given by a member of the royal family, who was reported to be Crown Prince Abdallah, heir to the Saudi throne (39) . Hamas also enjoys support from nonofficial organizations and individuals in the Gulf States, (40) and from at least two non-profit charitable organizations in the Europe, Le Comite de Bienfaisance et se Solidarite avec la Palestine (CBSP) in France and the Palestinian Relief and Development Fund in Britain. Both organizations were declared illegal terrorist organizations by the Israeli government in May 1997 (41) .
Hamas - U.S. Activities
Support for Hamas in the United States has been expressed through several organizations, including the Islamic Association for Palestine (IAP), which has distributed an English translation of the Hamas covenant (42) and the organization's communiqués (43) . A second organization, the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, has raised funds that have been used to recruit Hamas suicide bombers and to support the families of the suicide bombers. On December 4, 2001, President Bush announced the freezing of the Holy Land Foundation's assets:
"Hamas has obtained much of the money that it pays for murder abroad right here in the United States, money originally raised by the Holy Land Foundation. The Holy Land Foundation is registered with the IRS as a tax-exempt charity based in Richardson. It raised $13 million from people in America last year. The Holy Land Foundation claims that the money it solicits goes to care for needy Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. Money raised by the Holy Land Foundation is used by Hamas to support schools and indoctrinate children to grow up into suicide bombers. Money raised by the Holy Land Foundation is also used by Hamas to recruit suicide bombers and to support their families (44) ."
Subsequent to the arrest of Sheikh Ahmad Yassin in 1989, the external leadership of Hamas led by Musa Abu Marzuq took over the leadership of the movement. From 1989 until 1992, Abu Marzuq re-organized the leadership structure of the movement in Gaza and the West Bank (45) by appointing the leadership (46) and sending directives to the West Bank and Gaza from his residence in Falls Church, Virginia (47) .
During that time Abu Marzuq appointed Muhammad Salah of Bridgeview Illinois to be in charge of Hamas "military affairs," (48) which made him responsible for appointing commanders of the Iz Al-Din Al-Qassam Battalions - the wing of the movement responsible for terror attacks - in the West Bank and Gaza. He also disbursed funds and directed their distribution for the terror activities of Hamas by using his own bank accounts (49) . From 1990 to 1994, six Hamas attacks were carried out with funds provided by Musa Abu Marzuq. The terrorists who carried out the attacks were recruited by members of the Al-Qassam Battalions who were appointed by Abu Marzuq from the United States.
Muhammad Salah, was arrested in Israel in January of 1993 for being a member of Hamas and transferring funds to the organization from the United States (50) . He was convicted of being a Hamas operative and sentenced to five years imprisonment; and was released in November 1997 (51) .
Eight months after his return to the U.S., Salah was arrested by the FBI on suspicion of transferring funds from a non-profit organization called the Qur'anic Literacy Institute (QLI) located in Bridgeview, Illinois, to Hamas (52) . In June 1998, $1.4 million in assets belonging to him, his wife and the QLI were seized by the Federal authorities (53) . Salah was alleged to be involved in a money-laundering operation for the purpose of funding Hamas terror attacks in Israel (54) .
Hamas and the Palestinian Authority
The relationship between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority (PA) has been a complex one. At various times, both organizations have cooperated with one another, and openly confronted one other with violence.
Since the emergence of Hamas in 1988, there has been an atmosphere of competition between the followers of Yasir Arafat's Fatah movement and the followers of the Muslim Brotherhood who established Hamas. With the advent of the Oslo Accords in 1994 and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority, efforts have been made by Yasir Arafat's Fatah movement and Hamas to arrive at a mutual understanding in order to avoid internecine violence. These efforts have led to a series of informal agreements between the PA and Hamas.
In September 1995, an understanding was reached between the PA and Hamas. It provided for an undertaking by Hamas not to carry out terror attacks in or launch attacks from territory controlled by the Palestinian Authority (55) . This provision allowed Hamas to continue carrying out terror attacks while avoiding causing the PA embarrassment.
The PA has also made efforts to co-opt members of Hamas within its own political structure by appointing members of the movement to ministerial positions, including the Gaza Hamas leader Imad Faluji, who currently serves as the Palestinian Authority's Minister of Sports. Of even greater concern has been the ongoing process of PA recruitment of convicted members of the Hamas military wing into the PA's Preventive Security Services (PSS). Muhammad Dahlan, head of the Palestinian Authority's PSS in Gaza declared in a 1998 interview that the recruitment of such individuals into his Preventive Security Service is a "personal goal":
We have enlisted into the ranks of the Preventive Security Service many of our brothers active in other organizations opposed to the [peace] agreement and I have considered this to be a personal goal (56) .
Since the outbreak of the September 2000 "Al-Aqsa Intifada," there has been increased competition between the Iz Al-Din Al-Qassam Battalions of Hamas and the Al-Aqsa Brigades which are linked to the Tanzim, the military wing of the Palestinian Authority. Over the past year, Hamas has engaged in an ever more deadly series of bombings, while the Al-Aqsa Brigades have unveiled the first female Palestinian suicide bomber. For now it appears that the two organizations are engaged in a deadly rivalry to prove their commitment to Palestinian nationalism through their attacks on Israeli civilians.
Hamas and Al-Qa'ida
In June 2000, Nabil 'Ukal was arrested for allegedly planning to carry out a series of terrorist attacks in Israel. 'Ukal was reportedly first sent by Hamas to Pakistan in 1997 (57) where he studied terrorism tactics in the training camps of Al-Qa'ida (58) . A network of Palestinians within Al-Qa'ida assisted him in travelling to the training camps and subsequently became his contacts to the organization when he returned to Gaza and initiated his plans to carry out attacks there (59) . 'Ukal was instructed upon his return to set up a network in Israel in order to recruit and train Palestinian operatives for the organization (60) . In September 2000, he was charged with receiving military training in the terrorist camps of Al-Qa'ida, belonging to the radical Hamas movement and plotting to build mobile-phone bombs and kidnap Israeli soldiers (61) .
Several months after his arrest, an additional 22 members of the network were arrested. Members of the network included operatives of Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad from the West Bank and Gaza and members of the Islamic Movement from the Israeli Arab population. The recruits were to be sent to Al-Qa'ida training camps in Afghanistan (62) .
'Ukal also reportedly received financial and other types of assistance from the spiritual leader of Hamas, Sheikh Ahmad Yassin. After he returned from his 1997 trip to the training camps, Sheikh Yassin learned of 'Ukal's training and provided him with $5,000. Subsequently, Yassin gave 'Ukal another $5000 when 'Ukal told him that he planned to go back for additional training from Al-Qa'ida in June 2000. 'Ukal was prevented from departing for a second course of training when he was arrested while attempting to depart from Gaza International Airport (63) .
Conclusion
Although Hamas is not any closer to its declared goal of destroying Israel and creating a radical Islamic state from "the river to the sea," its strong appeal to Palestinians as well as to Muslims living in other countries has become more apparent since the September 11 attacks against the United States. While there has been widespread condemnation of the terror attacks perpetrated by Bin Laden's Al-Qa'ida organization, Hamas still enjoys support among Washington's moderate Muslim allies. When it comes to Hamas, many Muslim countries and individuals prefer to look the other way.
Like Al-Qa'ida, Hamas operatives have found refuge in Western countries. At the same time, Hamas has benefited from its ties to Iran and to allies of the United States such as Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. Hamas is a movement that shares the same goals and ideology as the groups that make up Al-Qa'ida and Bin Laden's "International Front to Fight the Jews and Crusaders." Its followers find common cause with radical Muslim movements around the world and cooperate with them, and therefore pose the same threat and challenge to countries whose security has been compromised by Osama Bin Laden. Disrupting the activities of Hamas must be part of an international concerted effort to dismantle support for all terrorist organizations. Dismantling the infrastructure of Hamas must, therefore, be a goal for the counterterrorism strategy of the international community as well.
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1 Emblem of he Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas, Hamas movement website at: palestine-info.com/hamas/index.htm . 2 "The Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas - General Introduction," Hamas movement website at: palestine-info.com/hamas/index.htm , November 20, 2001. 3 The Charter of the Hamas - The Charter of Allah: The Platform of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), Center for Policy Analysis on Palestine website at: palestinecenter.org/cpap/documents/charter.html 4 "Blown Away; From Ignition to Retribution," Washington Post, January 4, 1998. 5 "Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas Calls for Continuation of Palestinian Uprising," Al-Quds Palestinian Arab Radio, January 13, 1989; translated in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 16, 1989. 6 "Militant Islamic Movement Upstages PLO in West Bank Uprising," Washington Post, December 17, 1989. 7 "The Charter of the Hamas - The Charter of Allah: The Platform of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)," Center for Policy Analysis on Palestine website at: palestinecenter.org/cpap/documents/charter.html . 8 "Israeli Paper Says Islamic Resistance Movement and Unified Command of The Palestinian Uprising are ''Secretly Coordinating,'" Ma'ariv daily, September 22, 1988; translated by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 22, 1988. 9 The communiqués in English are located at "Hamas -The Islamic Resistance Movement" under "Communiqués," palestine-info.com/hamas/index.htm. The Arabic communiqués are located at "Sijil Al-Majd - Amaliyat Hamas," "The Record of Glory - Hamas Operations," palestine-info.net/arabic/hamas/glory/glory.htm. 10 "Israeli Official Discusses Decision to Outlaw Hamas," Israeli Educational Television translated by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 28, 1989. 11 "Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000, Appendix B: Background Information on Terrorist Groups," state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2450.htm 12 The Messenger refers to Muhammad, who is designated as rasul Allah, the Messenger of God. 13 Hizb Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun, Muslim Brotherhood movement website at: ummah.org.uk/ikhwan. 14 "What the Qur'an Teaches: Finding Fault with Dedicated Believers - Commentary by Sayyid Qutb," Arab News (Saudi daily), January 19, 1990. Qutb's commentary refers to Al-Ma'idah 5:59. 15 "What the Qur'an Teaches: Qualities of Those Loved by Allah - Commentary by Sayyid Qutb," Arab News (Saudi daily), December 22, 1989. Qutb's commentary refers to Al-Ma'idah 5:54. 16 "Israeli Paper Says Islamic Resistance Movement and Unified Command of the Palestinian Uprising are 'Secretly Coordinating,'" Ma'ariv daily, September 22, 1988; translated by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 22, 1988. 17 "MSA (Muslim Students' Association of the U.S. and Canada) News Gateway to Hamas," website, October 29, 1998, at msanews.mynet.net/gateway/hamas/. 18 " 'Amaliyat Hamas Jihad Waqatalaha Shuhada," Fadhila Al'ulama Al-Shaykh Al-Duktur Yusuf Al-Qaradhawi, Palestinian Information Center - Hamas movement website at palestine-info.org, October 28, 1998. 19 "Al-ta'asil Al-shar'i Al-muqawama Al-filistiniya," Palestinian Information Center - Hamas movement website at palestine-info.org, October 29, 1998. 20 "Weapons of the Weak," Al-Ahram Weekly, December 13-19 2001, No.564. 21 "Rash of Suicide Bombings in Israel-Palestinian Conflict Sparks Debate among Muslim Clerics," Associated Press, August 3, 2001. 22 "Weapons of the Weak," Al-Ahram Weekly, December 13-19, 2001, No.564. 23 "Devotion, Desire Drive Youths to 'Martyrdom,'" USA Today, July 5, 2001. 24 "Hamas Officials Vow to Continue Fight, Reject US 'Pressure,'" Al-Watan website, Abha, in Arabic (Saudi daily), December 4, 2001; translated by BBC Worldwide Monitoring, December 4, 2001. 25 "Devotion, Desire Drive Youths to 'Martyrdom," op. cit. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 "Suicide Terrorists Find a New Way to Marry into Death," Sunday Times, September 16, 2001. 29 "An Arsenal of Believers, Sunday Telegraph, December 9, 2001. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 32 "His Father's Son: The Making of a Bomber," Chicago Tribune, August 27, 2001. 33 "Mideast Notes," Jerusalem Post, August 22, 2001. 34 Elie Rekhess, "The Terrorist Connection: Iran, Islamic Jihad and Hamas," Justice, Vol. 5, May 1995. 35 "Iran Is Not Our Bankroller," MidEast Mirror, December 9, 1994. 36 Kenneth Katzman, "Hamas' Foreign Benefactors," Middle East Quarterly, June 1995. 37 "Hamas Divided Against Itself," Middle East News Items, Info-Prod Research, June 29, 1999. 38 "Jordanian officials say Hamas controls 'extremist wing' of Muslim Brotherhood," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 25, 1999. 39 "Israelis Wary as Tensions among Palestinians Escalate," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 14, 1998. 40 "Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001," Congressional Research Service, 2001. 41 "Amendment to the Proclamation Concerning Illegal Organizations," Official Government Record [of Israel] #4520, 11 May 1997 / 4 Iyar 1997. 42 Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas, Dallas, Texas: Islamic Association for Palestine in the United States, no date.43 "Filistin Islami Min Al-bahr Ila al-Nahr" - "Palestine is Muslim From Sea to River," Hamas Directive #28, September 1998 with English translation by the Islamic Association for Palestine in the United States, September 1988.44 "President Announces Progress on Financial Fight Against Terror," President George W. Bush, The White House Rose Garden, December 4, 2001, U.S. Department of State web page at: state.gov/s/ct/rls/2001/index.cfm?docid=6644 . 45 USDC-SDNY, In the Matter of the Extradition of Mousa Muhammad Abu Marzook, Affirmation 95, Cr. Misc. 1, October 6, 1995. Statement of Sayid Abu Musamih, January 13, 1991, p. 2-3. 46 USDC-SDNY, In the Matter of the Extradition of Mousa Muhammad Abu Marzook, Affirmation 95, Cr. Misc. 1, October 6, 1995. Statement of Sayid Musamih, January 13, 1991; p. 1-2. 47 "US Rejects Offer of Leader of Hamas Never to Return," New York Times, August 3, 1995. 48 USDC-SDNY, In the Matter of the Extradition of Mousa Muhammad Abu Marzook, Affirmation 95, Cr. Misc. 1, October 6, 1995. Written statement of Muhammad Salah in Arabic and English translation, p. 2-4, 5-6. 49 USDC-SDNY, In the Matter of the Extradition of Mousa Muhammad Abu Marzook, Affirmation 95, Cr. Misc. 1, October 6, 1995. Statement of Sufiyan Abu Samarah, January 14, 1991, p. 16-17. 50 "Chicago Palestinian Goes on Trial," United Press International, January 31, 1994. 51 "U.S. Prosecutors Suspect an American Citizen of Financing Hamas Terror," New York Times, June 14, 1998. 52 "Chicago Islamic Group Said Laundering Funds for Hamas," Jerusalem Post, September 7, 1998. 53 "U.S. Prosecutors Suspect an American Citizen of Financing Hamas Terror," New York Times, June 14, 1998. 54 "Tycoon in bin Laden case 'linked to Hamas,'" Daily Telegraph, December 8, 2001. 55 "Draft of PNA - HAMAS Accord - Released by Al-Ahram," translation of Al-Ahram Weekly, September 20, 1995; Independent Media Review and Analysis, October 1, 1995. 56 "PA Security Chief: We Drafted 25 Hamas Members into Palestinian Security Forces to Protect Them from Israel," Independent Media Review and Analysis (IMRA), September 27, 1998 published on the IMRA website at: imra.org. 57 "Israelis See Bin Laden's Hand Creeping into Gaza Strip," Chicago Tribune, September 4, 2000. 58 "Hamas Leader Denies Links to Bin Laden," Deutsche Press Agentur, August 22, 2000. 59 "Israelis See Bin Laden's Hand Creeping into Gaza Strip," Chicago Tribune, September 4, 2000. 60 "Bin Laden Ring Planned Mass Terror Campaign," Jerusalem Post, August 22, 2000. 61 "Israelis See Bin Laden's Hand Creeping into Gaza Strip," Chicago Tribune, September 4, 2000. 62 "Bin Laden Ring Planned Mass Terror Campaign," Jerusalem Post, August 22, 2000. 63 "Israelis See Bin Laden's Hand Creeping into Gaza Strip," Chicago Tribune, September 4, 2000.=====
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